Basic console calculator in c++ for absolute beginners

[SkysMaleware (Jan V)]

Good day everybody,

today I’d like to share a tutorial on a very basic calculator in c++ based on the console.
This tutorial mainly targets the newbies but I am sure more advanced programmer can enjoy the nostalgia that comes up when thinking about “easy” stuff for beginners.
“Why am I posting a tutorial for beginners?” Some people might ask. It’s just that I noticed that many new people were joining this forum and I’d like to share some knowledge with them.
I think a calculator is an easy and interesting first project in c++ which makes it ideal for beginners.
(For more advanced people: In case you might wonder why this looks awfully familiar, it can be found on the Microsoft site. This one here is a reference and it is supposed to make it a bit easier to access, neither replace nor being better than the original. The version here also shortens things a bit and only features arguabley the most important aspects )

Requirements:

1. Have Visual Studio with the Desktop development with C++ workload installed and running on your computer. - Here’s a Microsoft Tutorial in case you haven’t: Install C and C++ support in Visual Studio | Microsoft Learn

2. We’ll need to change some settings in order to make some features work: To ensure that edit and continue can function, from the main menu choose Tools > Options > Debugging > General and ensure that Require source files to exactly match the original version is checked.

Create an app project
Visual Studio uses projects to organize the code for an app, and solutions to organize your projects. A project contains all the options, configurations, and rules used to build your apps. It also manages the relationship between all the project’s files and any external files. To create your app, first, create a new project and solution.

1. If you’ve started Visual Studio, the Visual Studio Start dialog box appears. Choose Create a new project to get started.
   
   

Another option to achieve that is to choose File > New > Project on the menubar in Visual Studio. The Create a new projectwindow opens.

2. In the list of project templates, choose Console App , then choose Next .
   
   

! Make sure you choose the C++ version of the Console App template. It has the C++ , Windows , and Console tags, and the icon has “++” in the corner. !

3. In the Configure your new project dialog box, select the Project name edit box, name your new project CalculatorTutorial, then choose Create.
   
   

An empty C++ Windows console application gets created. Console applications use a Windows console window to display output and accept user input. In Visual Studio, an editor window opens and shows the generated code:

// CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
//

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "Hello World!\n";
}

// Run program: Ctrl + F5 or Debug > Start Without Debugging menu
// Debug program: F5 or Debug > Start Debugging menu

// Tips for Getting Started:
//   1. Use the Solution Explorer window to add/manage files
//   2. Use the Team Explorer window to connect to source control
//   3. Use the Output window to see build output and other messages
//   4. Use the Error List window to view errors
//   5. Go to Project > Add New Item to create new code files, or Project > Add Existing Item to add existing code files to the project
//   6. In the future, to open this project again, go to File > Open > Project and select the .sln file

Verify that your new app builds and runs
The template for a new Windows console application creates a simple C++ “Hello World” app. At this point, you can see how Visual Studio builds and runs the apps you create right from the IDE.

1. To build your project, choose Build Solution from the Build menu. The Output window shows the results of the build process.
   

   

2. To run the code, on the menu bar, choose Debug , Start without debugging .
   

   
   
   A console window opens and then runs your app. When you start a console app in Visual Studio, it runs your code, then prints “Press any key to close this window . . .” to give you a chance to see the output. Congratulations! You’ve created your first “Hello, world!” console app in Visual Studio!

3. Press a key to dismiss the console window and return to Visual Studio.
   You now have the tools to build and run your app after every change, to verify that the code still works as you expect. Later, we show you how to debug it if it doesn’t.

Editing the code
Now let’s turn the code in this template into a calculator app.

1. Replace the contents of the CalculatorTutorial.cpp file with the following code so that it matches this example:

// CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
    cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b"
        << endl;
    return 0;
}

// Run program: Ctrl + F5 or Debug > Start Without Debugging menu
// Debug program: F5 or Debug > Start Debugging menu
// Tips for Getting Started:
//   1. Use the Solution Explorer window to add/manage files
//   2. Use the Team Explorer window to connect to source control
//   3. Use the Output window to see build output and other messages
//   4. Use the Error List window to view errors
//   5. Go to Project > Add New Item to create new code files, or Project > Add Existing Item to add existing code files to the project
//   6. In the future, to open this project again, go to File > Open > Project and select the .sln file

1. Understanding the code:

• The #include statements allow you to reference code located in other files. Sometimes, you may see a filename surrounded by angle brackets (<>); other times, it’s surrounded by quotes (" "). In general, angle brackets are used when referencing the C++ Standard Library, while quotes are used for other files.
• The using namespace std; line tells the compiler to expect stuff from the C++ Standard Library to be used in this file. Without this line, each keyword from the library would have to be preceded with std:: to denote its scope. For instance, without that line, each reference to cout would have to be written as std::cout. The using statement is added to make the code look more clean.
• The cout keyword is used to print to standard output in C++. The << operator tells the compiler to send whatever is to the right of it to the standard output.
• The endl keyword is like the Enter key; it ends the line and moves the cursor to the next line. It is a better practice to put a \n inside the string (contained by "") to do the same thing because endl always flushes the buffer which can hurt the performance of the program. But since this is a very small app, endl is used instead for better readability.
• All C++ statements must end with semicolons and all C++ applications must contain a main()function. This function is what the program runs at the start. All code must be accessible from main() in order to be used.

2. To save the file, press Ctrl+S, or choose the Save icon near the top of the IDE, the floppy disk icon in the toolbar under the menu bar.

3. To run the application, press Ctrl+F5 or go to the Debug menu and choose Start Without Debugging. You should see a console window appear that displays the text specified in the code.

4. Close the console window when you’re done.

Add some code to do basic Math
Adding a calculator class

1. Go to the Project menu and choose Add Class . In the Class Name edit box, enter Calculator . Choose OK . Two new files get added to your project. To save all your changed files at once, press Ctrl+Shift+S . It’s a keyboard shortcut for File > Save All . There’s also a toolbar button for Save All , an icon of two floppy disks, found beside the Save button. In general, it’s good practice to do Save All frequently, so you don’t miss any files when you save.
   

A class is like a blueprint for an object that does something. In this case, we define a calculator and how it should work.

The Add Class wizard you used previously created .h and .cpp files that have the same name as the class. You can see a full list of your project files in the Solution Explorer window, visible on the side of the IDE. If the window isn’t visible, you can open it from the menu bar: choose View > Solution Explorer.

You should now have three tabs opened in the editor: CalculatorTutorial.cpp , Calculator.h , and Calculator.cpp . If you accidentally close one of them, you can reopen it by double-clicking it in the Solution Explorer window.

2. Replace the contents of Calculator.h with the following code so that the file now looks like this:

#pragma once
class Calculator
{
public:
    double Calculate(double x, char oper, double y);
};

1. Understanding the code

• This code declares a new function called Calculate, which we use to run math operations for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• C++ code is organized into header (.h) files and source (.cpp) files. Several other file extensions are supported by various compilers, but these are the main ones to know about. Functions and variables are normally declared, that is, given a name and a type, in header files, and implemented, or given a definition, in source files. To access code defined in another file, you can use #include "filename.h", where filename.h is the name of the file that declares the variables or functions you want to use.
• It’s good practice to organize your code into different files based on what it does, so it’s easy to find the code you need later. In our case, we define the Calculator class separately from the file containing the main() function, but we plan to reference the Calculator class in main().

3. A green squiggle appears under Calculate because we haven’t defined the Calculate function in the .cpp file. Hover over Calculate , click the down arrow on the screwdriver that appears, and choose Create definition of ‘Calculate’ in Calculator.cpp .

A pop-up appears that gives you a peek of the code change that was made in the other file. The code was added to Calculator.cpp .

Currently, it just returns 0.0. Let’s change that. Press Esc to close the pop-up.

4. Switch to the Calculator.cpp file in the editor window. Remove the Calculator() and ~Calculator() sections (as you did in the .h file) and add the following code to Calculate():

#include "Calculator.h"

double Calculator::Calculate(double x, char oper, double y)
{
    switch(oper)
    {
        case '+':
            return x + y;
        case '-':
            return x - y;
        case '*':
            return x * y;
        case '/':
            return x / y;
        default:
            return 0.0;
    }
}

1. Understanding the code

• The function Calculate consumes a number, an operator, and a second number, then performs the requested operation on the numbers.
• The switch statement checks which operator was provided, and only executes the case corresponding to that operation. The default: case is a fallback in case the user types an operator that isn’t accepted, so the program doesn’t break. In general, it’s best to handle invalid user input in a more elegant way, but this is beyond the scope of this tutorial.
• The double keyword denotes a type of number that supports decimals. This way, the calculator can handle both decimal math and integer math. The Calculate function is required to always return such a number due to the double at the very start of the code (this denotes the function’s return type), which is why we return 0.0 even in the default case.
• The .h file declares the function prototype, which tells the compiler upfront what parameters it requires, and what return type to expect from it. The .cpp file has all the implementation details of the function.

If you build and run the code again at this point, it will still exit after asking which operation to perform. Next, modify the main function to do some calculations.

Calling the Calculator class member functions

1. Now let’s update the main function in CalculatorTutorial.cpp:

// CalculatorTutorial.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there.
//

#include <iostream>
#include "Calculator.h"

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    double x = 0.0;
    double y = 0.0;
    double result = 0.0;
    char oper = '+';

    cout << "Calculator Console Application" << endl << endl;
    cout << "Please enter the operation to perform. Format: a+b | a-b | a*b | a/b"
         << endl;

    Calculator c;
    while (true)
    {
        cin >> x >> oper >> y;
        result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y);
        cout << "Result " << "of " << x << oper << y << " is: " << result << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

Understanding the code

• Since C++ programs always start at the main() function, we need to call our other code from there, so a #include statement is needed.
• Some initial variables x, y, oper, and result are declared to store the first number, second number, operator, and final result, respectively. It is always good practice to give them some initial values to avoid undefined behavior, which is what is done here.
• The Calculator c; line declares an object named ‘c’ as an instance of the Calculator class. The class itself is just a blueprint for how calculators work; the object is the specific calculator that does the math.
• The while (true) statement is a loop. The code inside the loop continues to execute over and over again as long as the condition inside the () holds true. Since the condition is simply listed as true, it’s always true, so the loop runs forever. To close the program, the user must manually close the console window. Otherwise, the program always waits for new input.
• The cin keyword is used to accept input from the user. This input stream is smart enough to process a line of text entered in the console window and place it inside each of the variables listed, in order, assuming the user input matches the required specification. You can modify this line to accept different types of input such as more than two numbers–though the Calculate()function would also need to be updated to handle this.
• The c.Calculate(x, oper, y); expression calls the Calculate function defined earlier, and supplies the entered input values. The function then returns a number that gets stored in result.
• Finally, result is printed to the console, so the user sees the result of the calculation.

Build and test the code again
Now it’s time to test the program again to make sure everything works properly.

1. Press Ctrl + F5 to rebuild and start the app.
2. Enter 5+5 , and press Enter . Verify that the result is 10.
   If you are encountering any issues / errors here, try to go through the code and check it. 99% of the time it’s the programmer’s fault that something went wrong.

Debug the app
Since the user is free to type anything into the console window, let’s make sure the calculator handles some input as expected. Instead of running the program, let’s debug it instead, so we can inspect what it’s doing in detail, step-by-step.

Running the app in the debugger / debug mode

1. Set a breakpoint on the result = c.Calculate(x, oper, y); line. To set the breakpoint, click next to the line in the gray vertical bar along the left edge of the editor window. A red dot appears.
   
   

Now when we debug the program, it always pauses execution at that line. We already have a rough idea that the program works for simple cases. Since we don’t want to pause execution every time, let’s make the breakpoint conditional.

2. Right-click the red dot that represents the breakpoint, and choose Conditions. In the edit box for the condition, enter (y == 0) && (oper == '/'). Choose the Close button when you’re done to save the breakpoint condition.
   
   

Now we pause execution at the breakpoint specifically if a division by 0 is attempted.

3. To debug the program, press F5 , or choose the Local Windows Debugger toolbar button that has the green arrow icon. In your console app, if you enter something like “5 - 0”, the program behaves normally and keeps running. However, if you type “10 / 0”, it pauses at the breakpoint. You can even put any number of spaces between the operator and numbers: cin is smart enough to parse the input appropriately.

** !Note! **

When you edit code while in debugging mode, there is a risk of code becoming stale. This happens when the debugger is still running your old code, and has not yet updated it with your changes. The debugger displays a dialog to inform you when this happens. Sometimes, you may need to press F5 to refresh the code being executed. In particular, if you make a change inside a function while the point of execution is inside that function, you need to step out of the function, then back into it again to get the updated code. If that doesn’t work for some reason and you see an error message, you can stop debugging by clicking on the red square in the toolbar under the menus at the top of the IDE, then start debugging again by entering F5 or by choosing the green “play” arrow beside the stop button on the toolbar.

Another reason edit and continue may fail is if you see a message that says “The Require source files to exactly match the original version setting under Debug->Options->General needs to be enabled…” To fix this, from the main menu choose Tools > Options > Debugging > General and ensure that Require source files to exactly match the original version is checked.

1. Understanding the Run and Debug shortcuts

• F5 (or Debug > Start Debugging) starts a debugging session if one isn’t already active, and runs the program until a breakpoint is hit or the program needs user input. If no user input is needed and no breakpoint is available to hit, the program terminates and the console window closes itself when the program finishes running. If you have something like a “Hello World” program to run, use Ctrl+F5 or set a breakpoint before you press F5 to keep the window open.
• Ctrl+F5 (or Debug > Start Without Debugging) runs the application without going into debug mode. This is slightly faster than debugging, and the console window stays open after the program finishes executing.
• F10 (known as Step Over) lets you iterate through code, line-by-line, and visualize how the code is run and what variable values are at each step of execution.
• F11 (known as Step Into) works similarly to Step Over, except it steps into any functions called on the line of execution. For example, if the line being executed calls a function, pressing F11 moves the pointer into the body of the function, so you can follow the function’s code being run before coming back to the line you started at. Pressing F10 steps over the function call and just moves to the next line; the function call still happens, but the program doesn’t pause to show you what it’s doing.

As you can see, it’s not that hard to get started with c++ in form of a simple console calculator.
Here’s the original source: [spoiler]Create a console calculator in C++ | Microsoft Learn
Greetings.

[UserZero_x.x (X.0.Xzero)]

One additional tip for the “mindset” you should set in when programming in c/c++ (imo).
The language gives you a powerful way to manipulate memory locally in your computer. Think it like a Swiss army tool for memory manipulation.
Forget whatever bs you learnt in your 4th or 5th generation language and just think of starting from scratch.

All the best <3